Throughout 1941 Jones and his team built up a detailed picture of the German radar network along the channel coast. That autumn a series of low-level photo reconnaissance pictures revealed the presence of a newly installed 'Wurzburg' early warning radar. It was on a cliff top close by the small French village of Bruneval near Le Havre. Below the installation lay a beach and Jones saw the possibility of dispatching a Commando raid to retrieve the Wurzburg array from its exposed position. The idea was passed from Air Intelligence to the headquarters of Combined Operations whose chief, Lord Louis Mountbatten, approved the plan. 

The German defences at Bruneval were reconnoitred by the French resistance. From the intelligence gathered it was decided that a frontal assault on the beach would meet heavy resistance. The planners decided that paratroops would be dropped inland by Whitley bombers of the R.A.F. under the command of Squadron Leader Charles Pickard. After completing the operation, they would be taken off the beach by the Royal Navy with No 12 Commando providing covering fire against German coastal positions.

The unit chosen for the operation was C Company of the 2^nd Battalion of the 1^st Parachute Brigade - 120 men commanded by Major John Frost. Nearly all the men were drawn from Scottish regiments, including the Black Watch, Cameron Highlanders, King's Own Scottish Borderers and the Seaforths. They were to be accompanied by a technical expert, an RAF radar operator, Flight Sergeant C.W.H. Cox. His job was to identify the components needed and to remove them from the Wurzburg. Cox, a former cinema projectionist, was ill equipped for such an operation. He had never been in a ship, or on an aircraft, before!

The planners knew that the project would be totally compromised if German Intelligence became aware of British interest in the Bruneval site so the "need to know" doctrine was strictly applied. The parachute unit believed that they had been chosen to put on an exercise for the War Cabinet to demonstrate techniques and capabilities for raiding a headquarters building behind enemy lines. Training was arranged at an existing training area used by the Glider Pilot Regiment so the arrival of another unit caused little interest. When naval units were involved most of the training was conducted at night in Scotland but it did not go well and ended miserably. Locations were often changed and during transfer all unit and qualification insignia were removed from the paras uniforms. Most sailors didn't discover the identity of the raiding force until the final stages of the training were completed. 

The plan for the operation was simple. The paratroops were to be dropped in three units. The first under the leadership of Lieutenant John Ross and Lieutenant Euen Charteris, was to advance on, and capture the beach. The second, subdivided into three sections and commanded by Frost, was to seize a nearby villa and the Wurzburg and the third, led by Lieutenant John Timothy, was to act as a rearguard and reserve.

The raiding party was ready for action by February 20^th 1942. A scale terrain model, made by the RAF's Photographic Interpretation Unit, had been used to familiarise the raiding force with the area around Bruneval. Until the last minute the various buildings were labelled by function without any geographical information. Full-scale exercises on the south coast of England completed the training. After several anxious days of waiting for the weather to clear the raid went ahead on the night of February 27/28th. The Whitleys dropped the paratroops from a height of 600ft (180m) on to the countryside below.

 ~ Action ~

Lieutenant Charteris' two sections were dropped about a mile and a half (2.5km) beyond their intended position. Charteris quickly regained his bearings and he and his men set off, at the double, across the icy landscape.

Frost's section took only ten minutes to gather at their rendezvous point. They met no opposition as they moved on the villa. Flight Sergeant Cox and an engineer detachment, hauled trolleys over a succession of barbed wire obstacles. Frost's men surrounded the villa and advanced towards the open front door. Frost blew his whistle. He later recalled, 'Immediately explosions, yells and the sound of automatic fire came from the proximity of the radar set.' The paratroops rushed the villa which they found completely empty save for a single German firing from the top floor.

Soon afterwards Cox, and the engineers, began to dissemble the Wurzburg's components, ripping most of them out by sheer force as bullets whistled around their ears. By this time heavy fire from German positions in a wooded enclosure about 300 yards (275m) to the north of the villa, was making life increasingly uncomfortable for Cox and the paras. The arrival of vehicles threatened an imminent mortar barrage and, after half an hour, Frost gave the order to withdraw. However a machine gun in a pillbox, which was still held by the Germans, now barred the way to the beach. The Germans were regrouping and advancing from the villa. Not a minute too soon Charteris' two sections arrived on the scene having already had a brisk encounter with an enemy patrol. The pillbox was silenced and the beach taken.

It was now about 02.15 hrs but the raiders were not yet out of danger - there was no sign of the Royal Navy! Frost's signaller's were unable to make contact with the landing craft which were to evacuate the paras. As a last resort several red Verey lights were fired. Then, just as Frost was preparing to rearrange his defences to meet the anticipated German counterattack, one of his signallers shouted, 'Sir, the boats are coming in! The boats are here! God bless the ruddy navy, sir!' Three LCAs came inshore escorted by three gunboats. Each LCA had the additional fire power of 4 bren guns manned by men of No 12 Commando.

The evacuation into six landing craft, with the sea running high and the Germans firing, was anything but orderly. Two of Frost's signallers failed to rendezvous and were left behind. However the Commandos managed to keep the German troops at bay until 03.30 hours when the last LCA left the beach area under heavy German fire. The raiders, and their precious Wurzburg cargo, were transferred to gunboats. They learned that the Navy had been delayed by the presence of a German destroyer and two E-boats. The German warships had passed within a mile (1.6km) of the landing craft but had not spotted them. With the dawn Royal Navy destroyers and a squadron of Spitfires arrived to escort the flotilla to Portsmouth. The Destroyers played 'Rule Britannia' over their loudhailers. (Photo courtesy of Stuart Foster. Annotated on the reverse by Sam Tunstall "Taken coming back from Bruneval after the raid on the radiolocation station Feb 1942)

It is said that the Commandos had orders to shoot Cox if his capture by the Germans seemed inevitable. True or not there is no doubt that had Cox's knowledge about British radar fallen into German hands, they would have gained some advantage in the 'battle of the beams.' However a much greater prize to German intelligence would have been the capture of Don Preist. Here is the account from the author of the book Schonland - Scientist and Soldier (see 'Reading Material' below for details);

In 1942, Schonland was Superintendent of the Army Operational Research Group (AORG) and he personally trained the R.E. sappers under the command of Lt Vernon, who accompanied Frost's paras with the specific purpose of dismantling the Wurzburg radar at Bruneval. I corresponded with D.H. (Don) Preist (not 'Priest' as in most accounts of the raid) who was the radar expert designated to ensure that the crucial components of the Wurzburg were recovered. Since Preist, who worked at the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE), was very knowledgeable about British radar it was decreed that he would not land at Bruneval but would accompany the RN recovery team and control the removal operation from off shore. The risk of his being captured alive by the Germans was just too great to allow him ashore. Flt Sgt Cox, often described as a "radar expert" was a highly skilled radar technician who supervised the actual dismantling of the Wurzburg but he had nothing like Preist's in-depth knowledge of radar in general and so was far less of a risk should he be captured. The story that the Paras were under orders to shoot Cox if his capture looked likely is one of those myths that appear after the event.

While Preist sat just off-shore in one the RN vessels he had with him a special receiver with which to monitor the Wurzburg's radar transmissions from which he could deduce many of its characteristics. This intelligence would have proved to be very useful had the raid itself failed. As it turned out it was hugely successful and TRE were able to rebuild the Wurzburg from the "stolen" sub-assemblies and had it working within a couple of weeks.

Prof Sir Maurice Wilkes who made his name after the war as one of the pioneers of modern computing, and who was Schonland's radar expert in the AORG at that time, felt that the Wurzburg was not a very sophisticated radar and TRE learnt nothing special from it other than they knew exactly how to jam it - which they did very successfully during the D-Day landings.

Amongst the Schonland papers at the Churchill Archive in Cambridge is a letter from Schonland, written after the war, to Professor Leo Brandt, his German opposite number describing the raid. An extract from it appears on p240 of my book. In his letter he said that the parabolic reflector of the Wurzburg at Bruneval proved too big to dismantle and to take back to England but they sawed off its feed which really was the significant component. Also they took a few flashlight photographs of the reflector because the Germans had very conveniently painted all the radar's specifications of the face of the dish!

Two men were killed in the operation and six were missing, all of whom survived the war. Two German prisoners were brought back, one of them the Wurzburg's operator. The German report on the raid commented: 'The operation of the British Commandos was well planned and executed with great discipline... although attacked by German soldiers they concentrated on their primary task.' The raid had been a great success due in large measure to the element of surprise. Even while reading an account of the action in a newspaper the Supply Officer of the Glider Pilot Regiment, whose training area the paras shared, did not associate them with the raid.

It is not easy to quantify what was gained from the operation...but it was very significant indeed. One of the many off-shoots was the construction of three radar and communication vessels known as Fighter Direction Tenders (FDT 217, 216 and 13). The FDTs provided vital radar and communications cover off Normandy from D-Day to D+20. Only when land based radar and communications units became operational in France did they move off station. Their design incorporated two types of radar, one using British frequencies and the other using German frequencies.

 ~ Summary of Action ~

Allied Forces: Air - 1 Whitley Squadron; Sea - Landing Craft & Escorts; Land - 1st Airborne Division, elements of the French Resistance.

Axis Forces: Sea - 1 Destroyer, 2 E-Boats; Land - Infantry patrols & Bruneval defence force.

Outcome (Positive) - Wurzburg radar components successfully removed from German radar installation + capture of an operator.

Outcome (Negative) - Two men killed & six missing.

 ~ Correspondence ~

My Grandfather, William Balloch, was one of the paratroopers who took part in the Bruneval raid and I would like to know more about the men he served with and to see any photographs prior to and post the raid itself. As part of this I will be contacting the Public Archive at Kew and the Imperial War Museum in London but any information, especially from veterans or their families, would be very much appreciated.

Chris Manuel

 ~ Further Reading ~

Further information & photos

*Schonland - Scientist and Soldier, by Brian Austin (2001), published by the Institute of Physics Publishing, ISBN 0 7503 0501 0. *(later Sir Basil Schonland CBE FRS).

Most Secret War by R V Jones published by Wordsworth. ISBN 1-85326-699. One full chapter devoted to the raid plus other relevant background information.

A Drop Too Many by Major-General John Frost. His tale starts with the Iraq Levies and goes on the major airborne operations in which he took part - Bruneval, Tunisia, Sicily, Italy, Arnhem.

The Red Beret - The Story of the Parachute Regiment at war 1940 - 45 by Hilary St.George Saunders, first published by Michael Joseph Ltd, 26 Bloomsbury St, London W.C.1 October 1950, 7 more impressions published through to 1952.

The Bruneval Raid by George Millar. Pub by Cassell. (About one third of the book devoted to the raid the remainder covering early radar and photo reconnaissance) ISBN 0-304-36221-2.

Combined Operations 1940-1942 by The Ministry of Information, published HMSO. 144 pages with photos. Includes chapter on Bruneval.

Commandos 1940 - 1946 by Charles Messenger. Pub by William Kimber, London 1985. ISBN 0 7183 0553 1 

The Watery Maze by Bernard Fergusson Pub 1961 by Collins.

 ~ Acknowledgments ~

Based on an article by James Paul.

On this auspicious day, 6th June 2009, we add a WW2 Prayer for Combined Operations to our Roll of Honour page.

The Combined Operations Memorial has been approved by the Trustees of the National Memorial Arboretum. Hit the link opposite for the latest information.

You can now Search for Books direct from our Books page. Don't have the name of  a book? Just type in a keyword to get a list of possibilities... and if you want to purchase you can do so on line.